Mapping Extraversion In The Brain Deconstruction And Reduction
How can an individual-difference approach be applied to the study of extraversion or related personality traits in the brain Work to date has correlated responses on personality questionnaires with structural brain features Knutson, Momenan, Rawlings, Fong, amp Hommer, 2001 Onitsuka et al., 2005 neuroimaging of dopamine or serotonin function Knutson et al., 1998 Laakso et al., 2003 Suhara et al., 2001 and brain activation at rest Ebmeier et al., 1994 Johnson et al., 1999 Stenberg, Risberg,...
DA AND nOPIATE FUNCTIONING IN HUMANS IN RELATION TO EXTRAVERSION AND AFFILIATION
The above-described neurobehavioral framework for agentic extraversion and affiliation is based overwhelmingly on the animal literature. There is now a significant need to extend this work to humans. Although this is being done in the area of genetics, especially assessing the relation of polymorphisms in neu-rotransmitter variables to personality Munafo et al., 2003 , there is a paucity of human research on the manner in which neuromodulators relate to the behavioral variation associated with...
The Biological Basis of Personality
In an early paper, Gray 1973 proposed that 1 one should find explanations for temperament dimensions in terms of underlying psychological functions 2 these functions are essentially similar in humans and other animals 3 one can study the personality or temperament correlates of these functions in humans and 4 one can identify the biological basis of these functions in terms of enduring structures in the neuroendocrine system i.e., one can look for the biological basis of temperament . To...
Marvin Zuckerman
The term biosocial, as used in the title of this chapter, is often a mere nod to the idea of interaction, but is often just a cover for an exclusively biological or social approach. The genome, and the biological systems it controls, are in constant interaction with the environment however, this fact is minimized by behavior genetic approaches that parcel deterministic influences into genetic, shared environment, and specific or nonshared environment. The third category is a wastebasket for...
Orienting and Defensive Reflexes
The first psychophysiological studies of sensation seeking used the orienting response OR to novel stimuli, as measured by the skin conductance response SCR to novel and repeated visual stimuli Neary amp Zuckerman, 1976 . There was no difference between high and low sensation seekers in basal levels of electrodermal measured arousal. Studies by other investigators, using SCR, heart rate, blood pressure, and electroencephalogram, did not yield any consistent differences in basal arousal...
Looking Forward 1
Although there is fairly high agreement on the structure of personality, there has been less robust research on the lines of causal influence underlying that structure. One reason for this is that the neurobehavioral foundation of higher-order traits has not been clearly delineated and empirically validated. This is the major reason why we have attempted to provide such a foundation for agentic extraversion Depue amp Collins, 1999 and affiliation Depue amp Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005 , which is...
Personality And Psychopathology
As would be expected, Gray's contributions to understanding personality temperament and psychopathology consisted largely of trying to relate these phenotypic features to individual differences in the strength or reactivity of underlying neurobiological systems as he understood them. Of course, individual differences in the strength of the BIS were of greatest interest, but he also viewed two other systems as relevant. One of those is the fight-flight system already discussed. The third system...
And Frontal Brain Asymmetries
Evidence in favor of frontal brain asymmetries for emotion, personality, and psychopathology comes from numerous methodologies. Clinical case studies have shown that damage to the right hemisphere is associated with euphoric mood states, whereas damage to the left hemisphere results in dysphoric mood states Borod, 1992 Gainotti, 1972 . These findings parallel those for patients undergoing the Wada test, where one hemisphere of the brain is temporarily deactivated with sodium amytal Alema,...
Parenting Affection and Control
In most analyses based on children's reports of parental behavior and attitudes, two or three main factors emerge love or affection, punishment, and control. Correlations between children's personalities and parental behaviors and attitudes cannot establish any direction of causal effects, but they can show whether there are any such effects at all. We Kraft amp Zuckerman, 1999 correlated college students' scores on the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire ZKPQ with their reports of...
Brain Activity And Positive Arousal
Armed with neural probes of reward processing, we could begin to examine the relationship between NA activation and positive arousal across individuals. PET research from a number of laboratories suggested not only that injections of amphetamine could powerfully induce positive arousal e.g., euphoria in some subjects, but also that individual differences in the degree to which subjects experienced positive arousal depended upon the amount of dopamine release in ventral striatal regions such as...
Toward Genomic Imaging Of Extraversion
In this section, I illustrate how neuroimaging of extraversion can be integrated with a genomic imaging approach. As discussed above, it was previously shown that a number of brain regions respond to positive stimuli as a function of extraversion Canli, 2004 . Genetic variation within the dopamine D4 receptor gene DRD4 is associated with extraversion. As noted earlier, this gene has a functional 48-base-pair repeat sequence in exon III that varies from 2 to 11 repeats Cravchik amp Goldman, 2000...
The Behavioral Activation or Behavioral Approach System
Even in his early writings, Gray 1970 1973, pp. 422-423 Gray amp Smith, 1969 described three affective-motivational systems approach, stop, and fight-flight. The BIS and fight-flight systems are discussed above, but the approach system is not, other than by implication. The approach or appetitive system, with its reward mechanism, responds to appetitive CSs Rew-CSs and nonPun-CSs and is involved in approach learning, active avoidance, skilled escape, and predatory aggression a form of approach...
Conceptualizing Individual Differences Underlying Extraversion And Affiliation
Elicitation of behavior can be modeled neurobiologically by use of a minimum threshold construct, which represents a CNS weighting of the external and internal factors that contribute to the probability of response expression Depue amp Collins, 1999 Depue amp Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005 . A response threshold is weighted most strongly by the joint function of two main variables 1 magnitude of eliciting stimulation, and 2 level of postsynaptic receptor activation of the neurobiological variable...
Genomic Imaging of Extraversion
Some people are best known for their laughter. Wherever they are, that's where the party is. They draw others in, they value social contact, and they thoroughly enjoy good times shared with anybody. Drop them into a room of strangers, and they'll be best friends with everyone within the hour. These are the individuals who make the trait concept of extraversion come to life. What makes these people behave this way Where do they get their energy If I am not like that, but would like to be, could...
Contributors
A. Leo Beem, PhD, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jamil Bhanji, BS, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California Dorret I. Boomsma, PhD, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Turhan Canli, PhD, Graduate Program in Genetics and Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York Danielle C. Cath, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam,...
Neurobiology Of Incentive Motivation And Affiliative Reward
By drawing an association between traits and behavioral systems agentic extraversi n and incentive motivation, affiliation and affiliative reward we are able to utilize the literature on behavioral neurobiology in animals to discern the neurobiology associated with these behavioral systems and, by analogy, with the personality traits of agentic extraversion and affiliation. As reviewed recently Depue amp Collins, 1999 , animal research demonstrates that the positive incentive motivation and...
The Effects of Anxiolytic Drugs 1
Gray and McNaughton were able to report a major success of the theory presented above, having to do with new anxiolytic drugs. In order to appreciate these findings, one must note that in addition to the effects of anxiolytic drugs on the 7.7-Hz dip in the theta-driving curve already described, McNaughton e.g., Coop, McNaughton, Warnock, amp Laverty, 1990 McNaughton amp Coop, 1991 McNaughton amp Sedgwick, 1978 later found a second universal effect. This research was in part a response to the...
Turhan Canli
Recent methodological advances in genetics and neuroscience have catalyzed work on the biological basis of personality and individual differences. Yet even active researchers rarely have the opportunity to learn about all of these developments, because geneticists, psychologists, and neuroscientists only rarely attend the same scientific meetings. This lack of communication motivated a remarkable conference that was held in August 2004 on the campus of Stony Brook University on Long Island, New...
Don C Fowles
To understand Jeffrey Gray's work, it is essential to understand the importance of 1 the anxiolytic drugs and 2 the theoretical framework provided by the tradition of animal learning theory, which had been a dominant force in psychology for much of the 20th century up to about the 1960s, when the cognitive revolution gained ascendancy. Gray reasoned that it ought to be possible to conceptualize the underlying processes by which the anxiolytic drugs exert their effects in terms of the constructs...