R
Figure 3A.3 Tannins and related compounds from cinnamon bark see text for explanation . C 4ft -C 8 bonds. Cinnamtannin A2 is a pale amorphous powder, with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent it gives an orange-red colouration, characteristic of procyani-dins. On acid catalysed thiolytic degradation A2 gives -epicatechin moiety. Similar degradation products are obtained in the case of A3 and A4 also. From analytical studies the interflavanoid linkage involved was shown as C 4ft -C8 Morimoto et...
Early History
The early history of cinnamon and cassia is fascinating. They are among the earliest spices used. They formed the ingredients of the embalming mixture in ancient Egypt, and were among the most expensive materials in ancient Greece and Rome only royalty could afford 0-415-31755-X 04 0.00 1.50 2004 by CRC Press LLC Table 1.1 Cinnamon terminology in different languages Table 1.1 Cinnamon terminology in different languages Thit-ja-bo-gank, Hminthin, Timboti kyobri Zimt, Echter Zimt, Ceylon-Zimt,...
Info Xbp
Camphor leaf oil is no longer produced in India and in the other countries mentioned above as its production became uneconomical, leaving China, Taiwan and Japan as the only commercial producers of camphor oil. Camphor seeds contain about 42 of a yellowish white crystalline aromatic fat mp.21 23 with a high laurin content, which has the following physical constants sp-gravity 25 0.925 optical rotation 25 1.4442 acid value 0.6 saponification value 272.3 iodine value 4.0 unsaponifiable matter 0.7...
Chemistry
Chemically, Indonesian cassia is similar to that of Chinese cassia. The bark oil has a composition similar to Ceylon cinnamon and Chinese cassia oils. Cinnamaldehyde is the major component in bark and leaf oils. Bark oil is obtained by steam or hydrodistillation and the yields range from 0.5 to over 2.0 . It is a colourless to brownish-yellow liquid having an odour similar, but less delicate, to that of the Ceylon cinnamon bark oil Purseglove et al., 1981 . Reports indicated a cinnamaldehyde...
Insect Pests
Major insect pests of cinnamon include foliage feeders such as the cinnamon butterfly Chilasa clytia L. , shoot and leaf webber Sorolopha archimedias Meyr. , leaf miner Conopomorpha civica Meyr. and chafer beetle Popillia complanata Newman in India and jumping plant louse Trioza cinnamomi Boselli , cinnamon butterfly C. clytia , cinnamon blue bottle Graphium sarpedon Felder and leaf webber Orthaga vitalis Walk. in Sri Lanka. Minor insect pests belong to diverse groups and are mostly foliage...
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166 Nguyen Kim Dao Cassia Oil Production The cassia oil of commerce is distilled from the leaves and twigs of C. cassia. Cassia oil is produced mainly in China, where hydrodistillation is employed for oil production. Cassia oil was earlier produced as a primitive cottage industry, but now modern factories owned by communes have been established in many cassia growing regions. The distillation material consists of partially dried leaves and branchlets from the shoots used for bark production....
Order And Family Of Latoia Lepida
Paurapsylla depressa C. Unidentified psyllid Family Triozidae Trioza cinnamomi Boselli Family Membracidae Gargara extrema Dist. Family Cicadellidae Bothrogonia sp. Family Aleyrodidae Bemicia tabaci Guen. Family Aphididae Micromyzus nigrum Van der Goot Family Margarodidae Icerya longirostris Family Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Mask. Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka Seychelles Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 Singh etal., 1978 Rajapakse and Kulasekara, 1982 Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1938 Parasaissetia Saissetia nigra...
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fractions obtained in the successive fractionation with n-hexane, butanol and acetone, the butanol insoluble portion was shown to have the activities. In a detailed study on the effect of Chinese prescriptions and crude drugs on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhyrazyl radical, cinnamomi cortex ranked third after Rhus and Rheum in its inhibitory effect. Cinnamomi cortex exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity, indicating that it was effective in curing diseases related to free radical reactions...
References
Akira, T., Tanaka, S., Tabata, M. 1986 Pharmacological studies on the antiulcerogenic activity of Chinese cinnamon. Planta Medica, 52, 440 443. Allen, C.K. 1939 Cinnamomum In. Cinnamomum and Neocinnamomum, J. Arnold Arboretum, 20, 52 53. Anon 2002 Pharmacopoea Vietnamica 3rd ed. . Health Ministry, Hanoi, p. 490. Asakawa, Y. 1971 Chemical components of the benzene extract of C. loureirii. Flav. Ind., 2, 114-119 cited from Weiss 1997 . Chi, C.Y 1961 New Chinese Materia Medica , Vol. 3. Coppen,...
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Table 6.8 Chemical constituents of cassia bark recorded in the head space analysis using GC MS a-Pinene 0.10 Limonene 0.28 p-Cymene 0.82 a-Copaene 0.67 Benzaldehyde 23.80 Linalool 0.05 Bornyl acetate 0.62 Linalyl acetate 0.44 Salicylaldehyde 1.27 Borneol a-terpineol 3.80 Hydrocinnamaldehyde 0.69 2-Phenethyl acetate 0.96 Z -cinnamaldehyde 0.21 2-Phenethyl alcohol 0.24 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde 0.82 E -cinnamaldehyde 39.50 E -cinnamyl acetate 0.24 Properties and Biological Effects of Cassia Bark...
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Sharma, S.R., Dwivedi, S.K. and Swarup, D. 1996a Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of C. tamala leaves. Indian J. Experimental Biol., 34, 372-374. Sharma, S.R., Dwivedi, S.K. and Swarup, D. 1996b Hypoglycemic effect of some indegeneous medicinal plants in normoglycemic rats. Indian J. Animal Sci., 66, 1017-1020. ShangTzen, C., Paifun, C., Shachwen, C., Chang, S.T., Chen, P.F. and Chang, S.C. 2001 Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum...
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Figure 3A.4 Procyanidins from cassia bark see text for explanation . Yazaki and Okude 1990 reported that callus and suspensions cultures of C. cassia produced large amount of condenced tannin. They have isolated -epicatechin and procyanidins B2, B4 and C1, which are precursors of condensed tannins, from callus cultures. Cinnamon bark contains a significant amount of mucilaginous substances, which consists mainly of a water-extractable L-arabino-D-xylan and an alkali extractable D-glucan. Gowda...
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Growth inhibition, inhibition of myclelial growth Cereals, grains, tomato, animal feeds species of fungi and aflatoxin production by them are inhibited by cinnamon bark or cinnamon oil. Studies carried out in recent years have proved the advantages of using cinnamon as a fungistatic agent in stored cereals, pulses and other type of food articles including processed foods see 13.2 . It can be used as a preservative in fruit juice and fruit products at a wide range of pH conditions. Masimango et...
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Source Rema and Krishnamoorthy, 1993. Note Figures within parenthesis are transformed values. Source Rema and Krishnamoorthy, 1993. Note Figures within parenthesis are transformed values. 2000 also reported that the use of IAA 100 and 500 ppm gave better rooting 50 in hardwood cuttings. Air layering is also a successful method of vegetative propagation. Semi-hardwood shoots are suitable for this purpose. Banerjee et al. 1982 found that application of 100 ppm gallic acid during air layering...
Botany and Crop Improvement of Cinnamon and Cassia
P.N. Ravindran, M. Shylaja, K. Nirmal Babu and B. Krishnamoorthy The genus Cinnamomum Schaeffer, comprises evergreen trees and shrubs, found from the Asiatic mainland to Formosa, the Pacific Islands, Australia and in tropical America. The American species have only recently been recognised formerly they were included mostly in Phoebe, an entirely Asiatic genus . There are 341 reported binomials in the genus, which according to Kostermans 1957 could be reduced considerably in a revision....
Pharmacological Studies
Analgesic, antipyretic and diaphoretic actions A reduction of body temperature in mice was observed by the administration of a decoction of the dried twigs of cinnamon. The same result was obtained using cinnamaldehyde or sodium cinnamate Chinese Materia Medica . Cinnamaldehyde provides a hypothermic and antipyretic action. Wang 1985 observed that cinnamaldehyde produced analgesic effects when tested in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Chatterjee and Prakash 1994b also report the analgesic...
Conclusion 1
The species C. verum, C. cassia and C. camphora contain volatiles both common and unique to each species. The three types of oils produced from cinnamon have the same array of aromatic and terpenoid compounds but in characteristically different proportions. Cinnamic aldehyde is the major compound in the stem bark oil containing 65 75 of the total volatiles, eugenol accounts for about 70 75 of leaf oil, while 70 90 of the root bark oil accounts for camphor. Cassia produces only one type of oil,...
Conclusion
Spices like pepper and cinnamon tempted explorers such as Vasco-da-Gama to sail round the storm tossed Cape of Good Hope in search of a new spice route to the spice lands of the east when the Ottoman Turks closed Constantinople to trade in 1453. It was indeed the same quest that made Columbus sail westwards to the unknown seas, when he discovered America. Cinnamon was the rich bride Helen for whom the Netherlands and Portuguese had for so many years contended Ratwatte, 1991 . It was precious...
J Ranatunga UM Senanayake and ROB Wijesekera
In Sri Lanka, cinnamon has originated in the central hills where several species of related taxa occur, especially in places such as Kandy, Matale, Belihull Oya, Haputale and the Sinharaja forest range. Currently, cinnamon cultivation is concentrated along the coastal belt stretching from Negom to Matara. Of late, cultivation has spread to the inland areas of Kalutara, Ambalangoda, Matara and Ratnapura Fig. 4.1 . The area under cinnamon cultivation in Sri Lanka is around 15,500 ha Anon, 1996a ....
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Figure 2.15 Stages in the development of embryosac. 1. L.S. of ovule at 4 nucleate embryosac stage showing nucellar cells with prominent nuclei. 2. L.S. of apical region of ovule showing synergids 3. L.S. of chalazal portion of nucellus showing antipodal cells. 4. Apical portion of embryosac showing egg apparatus. 5. L.S of embryosac showing endosperm nuclei and two-celled proembryo 1 3, 5 C. iners 4 C. verum . After Sastri, 1958. A group of hypodermal cells and one or two cells of the nucellus...
Timemin
Figure 3-1 GLC chart of non-eugenol fraction of commercial cinnamon leaf oil on SCOT column. Figure 3.2 GLC chart of commercial cinnamon bark oil on SCOT column. Figure 3.2 GLC chart of commercial cinnamon bark oil on SCOT column. Following the development of solid injection techniques, Senanayake et al. 1975 , Wijesekera et al. 1975 and Wijesekera 1978 employed this methodology for the study of volatile constituents of morphologically distinct parts of the cinnamon tree, employing as little as...
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Figure 10.1 Young leaf of cinnamon damaged by cinnamon butterfly Chilasa clytia along with larva. Figure 10.1 Young leaf of cinnamon damaged by cinnamon butterfly Chilasa clytia along with larva. adversely affect plant growth. Infestation is more severe during December June when numerous tender flushes are present on the plants. The adults are large-sized butterflies with a wingspan of 90 mm and occur in two forms in the field, namely clytia and dissimilis. The form clytia mimics Euploea sp....
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Moestafa and Badeges 1986 studied the distillation of cassia cinnamon using the cohobation method and tried to identify the components. They reported that 70 C is the optimum temperature for distillation and the yields of oil when trapped at 25 C, 70 C and 85 C, were 0.57 , 1.62 and 0.31 respectively. They also found that the major components of bark oil are cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol. Chen et al. 1997 analysed C. burmannii f. heyneanum leaves, which yielded 0.54 0.85 oil on steam...
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The Taiwan Formosan camphor industry Taiwan previously Formosa was earlier a major producer and exporter of camphor and camphor oil. According to tradition, the process of camphor recovery was introduced into Formosa from Japan between 1664 and 1683 by Chang Chang Kong Hiraizumi, 1950 , or from nearby mainland China. When Formosa was conquered by China in 1683, camphor trees came under the protection of the state. In the nineteenth century the camphor industry began to prosper and Formosan...
C tamala Nees and Eberm
See Chapter 2 for nomenclatural citation and botanical studies. Based on the morphology of leaves, the population of tejpat growing in north-east India has been classified into four types Baruah etal., 2000 , the details of which are presented below. In addition to C. tamala, a few other species are also traded and consumed as tejpat. Brief descriptions of these species are also provided. 0-415-31755-X 04 0.00 1.50 2004 by CRC Press LLC Figure 8.1 A Cinnamomum tamala tree. Figure 8.1 A...
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samples cinnamaldehyde and linalool were found to be the chief constituents. Nath etal. 1994b identified 14 compounds that constituted 93.44 of the oil Table 8.3 . Linalool was the major component 60.73 , and eugenol and cinnamic aldehyde were less than 1 . Physico-chemical constants of this oil were nD28 1.4791 d28 0.09034 a D28 6. In composition this particular sample is a quite distinct chemotype of C. tamala. Upadhyaya et al. 1994 analysed the leaf oil C. tamala from Nepal using GC.MS and...
Introduction Of Cinnamon Bark
The true cinnamon or spice cinnamon is the dried inner stem-bark of Cinnamomum verum Syn. C. zeylanicum . This species is mostly cultivated in Sri Lanka, Malagasy Republic, and Seychelles. Sri Lanka produces about three-quarters of the total world production of cinnamon. Although the Sri Lankan grown spice has a special appeal because of its organoleptic properties, there are, however, significant compositional variations even within the plantations in Sri Lanka. The presence of chemical...
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Not detected New compound tr trace. Not detected New compound tr trace. 15.4 , whereas C. mindanaense contained eugenol 39.2 , linalool 19.4 , and safrole 15.0 . The minor compounds were essentially the same as those from C. verum Table 3.1 . Wijesekera and Jayewardene 1974 studied the volatile oil obtained from the bark oil of a rare species of cinnamon, C. capparu-coronde Kostermanns , which is found in central Sri Lanka and is claimed to have medicinal properties. Capparu-coronde is a...
Harvesting and PostHarvest Handling
The periodical thinning of trees is often undertaken. The first thinning is usually in the third year and it produces some inferior bark. The first harvesting by thinning or selective felling is done in the fifth year when bark of fair to average quality is obtained. Thereafter some selective harvesting is done annually and continues for about 15 years. Trees are harvested at the beginning of the rainy season when the bark can be peeled easily. The trunk is first scraped with a blunt knife to...
Camphor Cultivation in Other Countries
Camphor trees are also grown in many other tropical sub-tropical regions of the world. In India camphor trees have been successfully cultivated in Dehra Dun, Saharanpur, Table 9.12 Chemical composition of camphor oil of three chemovars from China Table 9.12 Chemical composition of camphor oil of three chemovars from China
Modern History
The modern chapter in the saga of spices begins with the discovery of the sea route to India and the landing of Vasco-da-Gama on the Malabar coast near the present day Calicut in Kerala state of India on 20 May 1498. This indeed was the beginning of the history of modern India too. The West European countries were compelled to establish a sea route to the eastern spice lands following the conquest of the Roman Empire and the closure of Constantinople for trade by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The...
Dubey Nk. Yadav P. J Med Sci
Anonymous 1950 The Wealth of India, Raw Materials. Vol. II. CSIR Publication, New Delhi. Baruah, A. 2000 Cinnamomum species associated with the livelihood of people in North-East India A systematic census with emphasis to ethnobotany. Ph.D. Thesis, Gauhati University, Assam. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. 1997 Foliar epidermal characters in twelve species of Cinnamomum Schaeffer Lauraceae from Northeastern India. Phytomorphology, 47, 127 134. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. 1998 Diversity of Cinnamomum...
Production
Light, rich sandy loam soil is best suited for the cultivation of Indonesian cinnamon for the production of the high quality bark. Growth is reported to be good in andosol, latosol and organosol soil types Siswoputranto, 1976 . But many small holders' plantations are on steep hillsides where the soil is stony, lateritie and less suitable for the production of high quality bark. The annual rainfall of the hilly regions of Padang is about 2000 2500 mm with short dry periods in May and September....
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required by gall tissue did not differ fundamentally from those required by healthy tissue. Optimum callusing of explants occurred on a medium containing 2,4-D 10 mg l , kinetin 0.1 mg l and beta-mercaptoethanol 1 2 mM . Callus grew better in a medium fortified with 2, 4-d 4 mg l and kinetin 0.4 mg l . Gall tissue grew faster than healthy tissue. Healthy tissue failed to grow in an auxin-free medium. One-year old cultures of both healthy and gall tissues grew on a medium devoid of cytokinin for...
O
Figure 3.5 Ionic mechanism in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes. Ruzica 1953 as modified by Loomis 1967 . the camphor isolated contained 0.0025 of the applied label. Unambiguous degradation of the labelled camphor confirmed that labelled geraniol had been incorporated specifically into camphor by this plant, indicating that geraniol had isomerised to nerol. Linalool, an acyclic monoterpene, is found in cinnamon leaf and stem bark oil to the extent of 3 . It has been convincingly shown that...
Pests Diseases
Many diseases and pests of C. verum also attack C. burmannii Deinum, 1949 Mardinus et al., 1974 . The most serious disease is the stripe canker cancer caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi that often leads to widespread damage to plants Djafaruddin and Hanafiah, 1975 . Other diseases include pink disease Corticium salmonicolor syn. C. javanicum , white rot Fomes lignosus , rust Accidium cinnamomi and anthracnose Glomerella cingulata . A list of diseases occurring in Indonesia is given below see also...
Chemical Composition
Leaves and bark are mildly aromatic, and yield on distillation an essential oil of about 0.13 2 concentration. The oil resembles cinnamon leaf oil and contains Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of leaf oil Table 8.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of leaf oil
Anatomi Barat Kienbock S Disease
Bakker, M.E., Gerritsen, A.F. and Van Der Schaaf, P.J. 1992 . Leaf anatomy of Cinnamomum Schaeffer Lauraceae with special reference to oil and mucilage cells. Blumea, 37, 1 30. Dao, N.K., Hop, T. and Siemonsma, J.S. 1999 Cinnammomum Schaeffer. In C.C. De Guzman and J.S. Siemonsma eds , Plant Resources of South East Asia, Vol. 13, Spices. Backheys Pub., Laden, pp. 94-99. Darwati, I. and Hasanah, M. 1987 Perkecambahan benih kayumanis dari bergagai tingkat kemasakan dan periode penyimpanan. Pebrt....
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decoction to anesthetised dogs did not affect blood pressure in the first 1 2 minutes, but markedly increased the blood flow in the coronory sinus and brain. Three to five minutes after administration the blood pressure dropped and the cerebral blood flow was slightly reduced. After five minutes the blood flow increased with gradual elevation of blood pressure and the heart rate was slightly reduced Wang, 1983 . Intraperitonial administration of 100 mg kg of aqueous extract of cassia bark...
Botanical Studies
Botanical studies on Cinnamomum are rather meagre in spite of the economic importance of the genus and its wide distribution. The available information is summarised here. Leaf characteristics are highly variable in the genus Cinnamomum, and this variation is seen both at species and subspecies levels. In C. verum leaf length varies from 8.7 to 22.7 cm with a mean of 13 cm leaf breadth 3.3 8.3 cm with a mean of 5.1 cm. Leaf size index varies from 0.29 to 1.7, the mean being 0.7 Krishnamoorthy...
Thin Walled Oil Cells In Cinnamomum Bark
Oil oil cells muc mucilage cells p palisade parenchyma s spongy parenchyma absent 1 S0.1 cell mm leaf width 2 0.1 1 cell mm 3 1 2 cells mm 4 2 5 cells mm 5 5 10 cells mm p present. t lamina thickness 1 100 200 xm 2 200 300 xm 3 gt 300 xm cu adaxial cuticle thickness 1 lt 3 fxm 2 3 8 fxm cp adaxial epidermis thickness not sclerified slightly sclerified moderately, distinctly sclerified strongly sclerified. p palisade parenchyma 1 unilayered not sclerified c upper layer with sclerified outer...
Annex 31 Additional information provided by the editors
Secondary metabolites from cinnamon and cassia Many interesting chemical substances, other than those present in the essential oils, have been isolated from the bark of cinnamon and cassia. Some of these compounds are responsible for the pharmacological toxicological properties of cinnamon and cassia. Isogai et al. 1976, 1977, 1979 isolated cinnzeylanine and cinnzeylanol from cinnamon bark. Cinnzeylanine 1 has a molecular formula of C22H34O8, is a diterpene, having a pentacyclic skeleton MP 265...
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6. Bhramaramba and Mahboob 1963 . 7. Bhramaramba and Sidhu 1963 . 12. Senanayake and Wijesekara 1989 . 13. Chalchat and Valade 2000 . 6. Bhramaramba and Mahboob 1963 . 7. Bhramaramba and Sidhu 1963 . TLC Thin layer chromatography. GLC Gas liquid chromatography. 12. Senanayake and Wijesekara 1989 . 13. Chalchat and Valade 2000 . Angmor et al. 1972 , Wijesekera and Jayewardene 1972 , and Wijesekera et al. 1974 reported systematic compositional analyses of leaf, stem bark and root bark oils of the...
KR Dayananda UM Senanayake and ROB Wijesekera
Cinnamon plants are grown as bushes. When plants are two years of age they typically measure about 2 m in height and about 8 12 cm at the base. At this stage they are ready for harvesting. The commercial products of cinnamon are quills, quillings, featherings, chips, cinnamon bark oil and cinnamon leaf oil Fig. 5.1 . The most commonly produced product is cinnamon quills. The term quills is defined as scrapped peel of the inner bark of mature cinnamon shoots, joined together by overlapping...
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Specific gravity at 25 C 1.046-1.059 Optical rotation 0 40' to 0'30' Refractive index 20 1.6045-1.6135 Solubility Soluble in 70 alcohol Rectified cassia oil is a mobile, yellow to slightly brownish, highly refractive oil possessing a characteristic sweet and burning flavour that is typical of cassia bark. Cassia oil chemistry has attracted the attention of many workers. Early information available on cassia oil chemistry was summarised by Guenther 1950 . Adulteration of cassia oil is a common...
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Lyoniresinol 2a-O- -D-glucopyranoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxy phenol-O- -D-apiofura-nosyl- 1 6 - -D-glucopyranoside, syringaresinol, two and 5,7,0-dimethyl-3',4'-di-0-methylene epicatechin, and two cinnamic aldehyde cyclic glycerol 1,3-acetals 3- 2-hydroxyphenyl propanoic acid and its O- -D-glucopyranoside, cassioside, cinnamoside and 6 - -D-glucopyranoside Tanaka etal., 1989 Shiraga etal., 1988 . In addition to the above, coumarin, cinnamic acid, -sitosterol, choline, protocate-chuic acid, vanillic...
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The cleanliness and levels of dust, mould and other pathogenic organisms are important aspects of the production of cinnamon quills, quillings, featherings and chips. Consumers directly use them in most of the food formulations. It has been reported that compounds such as cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol found in them inhibit the growth of microorganisms Bullernan et al, 1977 . The general requirements for cinnamon bark are given in Table 5.1. Products Based on Cinnamon Bark and Leaf Cinnamon...
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2. Thickness from epidermis to pericycle. 4. Phloem ray frequency per mm . 6. Distance between sclerenchyma islands. sparse frequent very frequent 2. Thickness from epidermis to pericycle. 4. Phloem ray frequency per mm . 6. Distance between sclerenchyma islands. sparse frequent very frequent 10. Other crystalline inclusions. characteristic features of Cinnamomum barks. The distance between such groups is more in C. camphora mean 0.621 mm , while it is lesser in C. malabatrum mean 0.137 mm ....
Microscopic Features Of Cinnamon Bark
Figure 2.10 Microscopical features of bark powder of C. verum. 1, 1a. Fibres. 2. Selereids. 3. Starch granules. 4. Cork in surface view. 5. Phloem parenchyma and oil cells oc . 6. Parts of medullary ray with some of the cells containing acicular crystals of calcium oxalate co and associated phloem parenchyma in tangential longitudinal section. 7. Calcium oxalate crystals. 8. Part of the fibre with an associated oil cell and phloem parenchyma. 9. Part of a group of fibres and selereids from the...
Paracytic Stomata
C. camphora and in C. cassia while C. verum and C. malabatrum have a higher frequency. Guard cell dimensions do not show much variation among species except in C. camphora, in which the dimensions are higher than those in other species. Metcalfe and Chalk 1950 and Kasapligal 1951 were of the opinion that stomata in Lauraceae were paracytic Rubiaceous , i.e. that they remain surrounded by two subsidiary cells placed parallel to the pore. Pal 1974 reported that in C. camphora and C. zeylanicum C....