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Ringers solution

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In 1883, Sydney Ringer discovered that the excised ventricle of the frog would beat for some hours if supplied with an aqueous solution of sodium, potassium and calcium salts. He found that the concentration of potassium and calcium was critical, whereas the amounts of the anions had little effect on the frog heart. The composition of 'Ringer's' solution (Table 1.2) was shown many years later to be very close to that of frog plasma. Probably the most popular crystalloid (salt) solution for intravenous use in humans is Ringer's lactate, in which lactate is added to Ringer's solution. The lactate is gradually converted to sodium bicarbonate within the body so that an uncompensated alkalosis is prevented (Hartmann and Senn, 1932). However, these 'crystalloid' solutions cannot support life without red cells; saline passes rather quickly into the tissue spaces of various organs (Miller and Poindexter, 1932), especially the liver (Lamson et al., 1945).

Table 1.2 The composition of Ringer's solution

Ringer's solution Frog plasma

Table 1.2 The composition of Ringer's solution